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Cinnabar, also known as vermillion, cinnabarite, or mercury sulfide, is a natural mineral of mercury sulfide, said to originate from the Persian word "Zanjifrah," meaning "dragon's blood."

China is the primary producer of cinnabar, with other significant sources including Almadén in Spain, Idrija in Italy, and the coastal mountain ranges of California in the United States. Red cinnabar typically refers to the powdered form of natural cinnabar ore, refined and polished into handicrafts.

In ancient Roman civilization, cinnabar was used as a red pigment in murals and architectural decorations. During the European Middle Ages, alchemists regarded it as an essential ingredient in the creation of the "Philosopher's Stone."